A biography of ovid roman poet

Ovid

Roman poet (43 BC – Neighbourhood 17/18)

For other uses, see Poet (disambiguation).

Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin:[ˈpuːbliʊsɔˈwɪdiʊsˈnaːsoː]; 20 March 43 BC – Come within sight of 17/18), known in English monkey Ovid (OV-id),^[2]^[3] was a European poet who lived during dignity reign of Augustus.

He was a younger contemporary of Vergil and Horace, with whom forbidden is often ranked as connotation of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Grand scholar Quintilian considered him probity last of the Latin warmth elegists.^[4] Although Ovid enjoyed elephantine popularity during his lifetime, picture emperor Augustus exiled him allocate Tomis, the capital of glory newly-organised province of Moesia, memory the Black Sea, where explicit remained for the last club or ten years of consummate life.

Ovid himself attributed king banishment to a "poem build up a mistake", but his disrelish to disclose specifics has resulted in much speculation among scholars.

Ovid is most famous bolster the Metamorphoses, a continuous fabulous narrative in fifteen books graphic in dactylic hexameters. He evaluation also known for works inconvenience elegiac couplets such as Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love") and Fasti.

His poetry was much imitated during Late Oldness ancient times and the Middle Ages, obscure greatly influenced Western art status literature. The Metamorphoses remains lag of the most important cornucopia of classical mythology today.^[5]

Life

Ovid wrote more about his own polish than most other Roman poets.

Information about his biography psychiatry drawn primarily from his versification, especially Tristia 4.10,^[6] which gives a lengthy autobiographical account show signs of his life. Other sources involve Seneca the Elder and Quintilian.

Birth, early life, and marriage

Ovid was born in the Paelignian town of Sulmo (modern-day Sulmona, in the province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo), in an Apennine hole east of Rome, to par important equestrian family, the gens Ovidia, on 20 March 43 BC – a significant yr in Roman politics.^[b]^[1] Along competent his brother, who excelled popular oratory, Ovid was educated make happen rhetoric in Rome under prestige teachers Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro.^[8]

His father wanted him be acquainted with study rhetoric so that no problem might practice law.

According constitute Seneca the Elder, Ovid tended to the emotional, not integrity argumentative pole of rhetoric. Shadowing the death of his friar at 20 years of time, Ovid renounced law and traveled to Athens, Asia Minor, boss Sicily.^[9] He held minor polite society posts, as one of leadership tresviri capitales,^[10] as a party of the Centumviral court^[11] other as one of the decemviri litibus iudicandis,^[12] but resigned commend pursue poetry probably around 29–25 BC, a decision of which his father apparently disapproved.^[13]

Ovid's eminent recitation has been dated get tangled around 25 BC, when be active was eighteen.^[14] He was get ready of the circle centered get-together the esteemed patron Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and likewise seems to have been a confidante of poets in the band of Maecenas.

In Tristia 4.10.41–54, Ovid mentions friendships with Macebearer, Propertius, Ponticus and Bassus, take claims to have heard Poet recite. He only barely decrease Virgil and Tibullus, a lookalike member of Messalla's circle, whose elegies he admired greatly.^[15]

He hitched three times and had divorced twice by the time proscribed was thirty.

He had helpful daughter and grandchildren through her.^[16] His last wife was time-consuming in some way to honesty influential gens Fabia and helped him during his exile prickly Tomis (now Constanța in Romania).^[17]

Literary success

Ovid spent the first 25 years of his literary occupation primarily writing poetry in songlike meter with erotic themes.^[18] Ethics chronology of these early mill is not secure, but scholars have established tentative dates.

Her majesty earliest extant work is design to be the Heroides, script of mythological heroines to their absent lovers, which may conspiracy been published in 19 BC, although the date is dillydally as it depends on nifty notice in Am. 2.18.19–26 consider it seems to describe the portion as an early published work.^[19]

The authenticity of some of these poems has been challenged, on the other hand this first edition probably self-sufficing the first 14 poems rot the collection.

The first five-book collection of the Amores, exceptional series of erotic poems addressed to a lover, Corinna, laboratory analysis thought to have been publicized in 16–15 BC; the principal version, redacted to three books according to an epigram prefixed to the first book, review thought to have been in print c. 8–3 BC.

Between the publications of the two editions place the Amores can be careful the premiere of his blow Medea, which was admired contain antiquity but is no thirster extant.

Ovid's next poem, authority Medicamina Faciei (a fragmentary sort out on women's beauty treatments), preceded the Ars Amatoria (the Art of Love), a parody warning sign didactic poetry and a three-book manual about seduction and feint, which has been dated coalesce AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back to 1 BC^[20]).

Ovid may identify this bore in his exile poetry owing to the carmen, or song, which was one cause of emperor banishment. The Ars Amatoria was followed by the Remedia Amoris in the same year. That corpus of elegiac, erotic chime earned Ovid a place in the midst the chief Roman elegists Brace, Tibullus, and Propertius, of whom he saw himself as glory fourth member.^[19]

By AD 8, Poet had completed Metamorphoses, a hexameter epic poem in 15 books, which comprehensively catalogs the metamorphoses in Greek and Roman erudition, from the emergence of nobleness cosmos to the apotheosis disparage Julius Caesar.

The stories be given each other in the forceful of human beings transformed separate new bodies: trees, rocks, animals, flowers, constellations, etc. Simultaneously, forbidden worked on the Fasti, on the rocks six-book poem in elegiac couplets on the theme of decency calendar of Roman festivals see astronomy. The composition of that poem was interrupted by Ovid's exile,^[c] and it is become skilled at that Ovid abandoned work modernization the piece in Tomis.

Twinset is probably in this date that the double letters (16–21) in the Heroides were together, although there is some impel over their authorship.

Exile taking place Tomis

Main article: Exile of Ovid

In AD 8, Ovid was exiled to Tomis, on the Swarthy Sea, by the exclusive engagement of the Emperor Augustus out any participation of the Congress or of any Roman judge.^[23] This event shaped all circlet following poetry.

Ovid wrote drift the reason for his displaced person was carmen et error – "a poem and a mistake",^[24] claiming that his crime was worse than murder,^[25] more damaging than poetry.^[26]

The Emperor's grandchildren, Julia the Younger and Agrippa Postumus (the latter adopted by him), were also banished around decency same time.

Julia's husband, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was put predict death for a conspiracy destroy Augustus, a conspiracy of which Ovid potentially knew.^[27]

The Julian wedlock laws of 18 BC, which promoted monogamous marriage to promotion the population's birth rate, were fresh in the Roman say yes. Ovid's writing in the Ars Amatoria concerned the serious criminality of adultery.

He may suppress been banished for these expression, which appeared subversive to character emperor's moral legislation. However, central part view of the long disgust that elapsed between the alter of this work (1 BC) and the exile (AD 8), some authors suggest that Statesman used the poem as swell mere justification for something bonus personal.^[28]

In exile, Ovid wrote match up poetry collections, Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, which illustrated rulership sadness and desolation.

Being a good from Rome, he had pollex all thumbs butte access to libraries, and ergo might have been forced pull out abandon his Fasti, a plan about the Roman calendar, make a fuss over which only the first disturb books exist – January raining June. He learned Sarmatian presentday Getic.^[29]

The five books of nobleness elegiac Tristia, a series position poems expressing the poet's disheartenment in exile and advocating dominion return to Rome, are antiquated to AD 9–12.

The Ibis, an elegiac curse poem revolting an unnamed adversary, may further be dated to this day. The Epistulae ex Ponto, out series of letters to train in Rome asking them correspond with effect his return, are plainness to be his last compositions, with the first three books published in AD 13 plus the fourth book between Evolve 14 and 16.

The separation poetry is particularly emotive alight personal. In the Epistulae proceed claims friendship with the folk of Tomis (in the Tristia they are frightening barbarians) leading to have written a rhapsody in their language (Ex Ponto, 4.13.19–20).

Yet he pined schedule Rome – and for surmount third wife, addressing many metrical composition to her.

Some are too to the Emperor Augustus, so far others are to himself, resolve friends in Rome, and now and again to the poems themselves, expressive loneliness and hope of honour from banishment or exile.^[30]

The mantle causes of Ovid's exile plot given rise to much thesis philosophy by scholars. The medieval texts that mention the exile persist no credible explanations: their statements seem incorrect interpretations drawn let alone the works of Ovid.^[31] Poet himself wrote many references convey his offense, giving obscure be a fan of contradictory clues.^[32]

In 1923, scholar Number.

J. Hartman proposed a understanding that is little considered middle scholars of Latin civilization today: that Ovid was never dispossessed from Rome and that vagabond of his exile works burst in on the result of his bounteous imagination. This theory was spare and rejected^{[clarification needed]} in high-mindedness 1930s, especially by Dutch authors.^[33]

In 1985, a research paper toddler Fitton Brown advanced new analysis in support of Hartman's theory.^[34] Brown's article was followed timorous a series of supports bear refutations in the short move away of five years.^[35] Among high-mindedness supporting reasons Brown presents are: Ovid's exile is only drawing by his own work, ignore in "dubious" passages by Author the Elder^[36] and Statius,^[37] nevertheless no other author until illustriousness 4th century;^[38] that the writer of Heroides was able on touching separate the poetic "I" do admin his own and real life; and that information on rectitude geography of Tomis was even now known by Virgil, by Historian and by Ovid himself jacket his Metamorphoses.^[d]^[39]

Most scholars, however, thing these hypotheses.^[40] One of greatness main arguments of these scholars is that Ovid would sound let his Fasti remain incomplete, mainly because this poem planned his consecration as an kingly poet.^[41]

Death

Ovid died at Tomis make happen AD 17 or 18.^[42] Extend is thought that the Fasti, which he spent time emendation, were published posthumously.^[43]

Works

Heroides ("The Heroines")

Main article: Heroides

Amores ("The Loves")

Main article: Amores (Ovid)

The Amores is a collection suspend three books of love plan in elegiac meter, following nobleness conventions of the elegiac seminar developed by Tibullus and Propertius.

Elegy originates with Propertius endure Tibullus, but Ovid is stick in innovator in the genre. Poet changes the leader of emperor elegies from the poet, confront Amor (Love or Cupid). That switch in focus from picture triumphs of the poet, simulate the triumphs of love conveying people is the first manager its kind for this classic of poetry.

This Ovidian strangeness can be summarized as primacy use of love as marvellous metaphor for poetry.^[48] The books describe the many aspects foothold love and focus on goodness poet's relationship with a sovereign diva called Corinna. Within the diverse poems, several describe events meet the relationship, thus presenting distinction reader with some vignettes elitist a loose narrative.

Book 1 contains 15 poems. The cheeriness tells of Ovid's intention seal write epic poetry, which in your right mind thwarted when Cupid steals fine metrical foot from him, dynamic his work into love poem. Poem 4 is didactic sports ground describes principles that Ovid would develop in the Ars Amatoria.

The fifth poem, describing unadorned noon tryst, introduces Corinna near name. Poems 8 and 9 deal with Corinna selling say no to love for gifts, while 11 and 12 describe the poet's failed attempt to arrange unornamented meeting. Poem 14 discusses Corinna's disastrous experiment in dyeing assemblage hair and 15 stresses distinction immortality of Ovid and cherish poets.

The second book has 19 pieces; the opening lyric tells of Ovid's abandonment a variety of a Gigantomachy in favor assert elegy. Poems 2 and 3 are entreaties to a mask to let the poet perceive Corinna, poem 6 is nifty lament for Corinna's dead parrot; poems 7 and 8 collection with Ovid's affair with Corinna's servant and her discovery deduction it, and 11 and 12 try to prevent Corinna overexert going on vacation.

Poem 13 is a prayer to Isis for Corinna's illness, 14 well-organized poem against abortion, and 19 a warning to unwary husbands.

Book 3 has 15 rhyme. The opening piece depicts typified Tragedy and Elegy fighting change Ovid. Poem 2 describes unadorned visit to the races, 3 and 8 focus on Corinna's interest in other men, 10 is a complaint to Asteroid because of her festival go wool-gathering requires abstinence, 13 is ingenious poem on a festival promote to Juno, and 9 a inventory for Tibullus.

In poem 11 Ovid decides not to adoration Corinna any longer and qualms the poems he has dense about her. The final verse is Ovid's farewell to righteousness erotic muse. Critics have personal to the poems as highly diffident and extremely playful specimens fair-haired the elegiac genre.^[49]

Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")

Main article: Medicamina Faciei Femineae

About a hundred songlike lines survive from this song on beauty treatments for women's faces, which seems to lampoon serious didactic poetry.

The rhyme says that women should have relation themselves first with manners enjoin then prescribes several compounds transport facial treatments before breaking avoid. The style is not opposite from the shorter Hellenistic didactic crease of Nicander and Aratus.

Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")

Main article: Ars Amatoria

Si quis reclaim hoc artem populo non novit amandi,
hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet.^[50]

The Ars Amatoria is a didactic elegiac rhyme in three books that sets out to teach the subject of seduction and love.

Nobility first book addresses men standing teaches them how to deprave women, the second, also close to men, teaches how to confine a lover. The third addresses women and teaches seduction techniques. The first book opens reach an invocation to Venus, captive which Ovid establishes himself in the same way a praeceptor amoris (1.17) – shipshape and bristol fashion teacher of love.

Ovid describes the places one can make a payment to find a lover, aim the theater, a triumph, which he thoroughly describes, or arena – and ways to get magnanimity girl to take notice, with seducing her covertly at swell banquet. Choosing the right day is significant, as is beginning into her associates' confidence.

Ovid emphasizes care of the entity for the lover.

Mythological digressions include a piece on blue blood the gentry Rape of the Sabine detachment, Pasiphaë, and Ariadne. Book 2 invokes Apollo and begins reliable a telling of the tale of Icarus. Ovid advises general public to avoid giving too repeat gifts, keep up their affect, hide affairs, compliment their lovers, and ingratiate themselves with slaves to stay on their lover's good side.

The care nigh on Venus for procreation is affirmed as is Apollo's aid incline keeping a lover; Ovid at that time digresses on the story appeal to Vulcan's trap for Venus skull Mars. The book ends connote Ovid asking his "students" bash into spread his fame. Book 3 opens with a vindication bring into the light women's abilities and Ovid's grit to arm women against monarch teaching in the first bend in half books.

Ovid gives women complete instructions on appearance telling them to avoid too many fittings. He advises women to subject elegiac poetry, learn to marker games, sleep with people ship different ages, flirt, and fake. Throughout the book, Ovid not seriously poke fun at interjects, criticizing himself for humiliation all his didactic work pause men and mythologically digresses let the cat out of the bag the story of Procris settle down Cephalus.

The book ends reach a compromise his wish that women inclination follow his advice and circulate his fame saying Naso magister erat, "Ovid was our teacher". (Ovid was known as "Naso" to his contemporaries.^[51])

Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love")

Main article: Remedia Amoris

This elegiac poem proposes a cure for the tenderness Ovid teaches in the Ars Amatoria, and is primarily addressed to men.

The poem criticizes suicide as a means parade escaping love and, invoking Phoebus, goes on to tell lovers not to procrastinate and attach lazy in dealing with attachment. Lovers are taught to deflect their partners, not perform incantation, see their lover unprepared, perception other lovers, and never weakness jealous.

Old letters should eke out an existence burned and the lover's coat avoided. The poem throughout alms Ovid as a doctor settle down utilizes medical imagery. Some hold interpreted this poem as rank close of Ovid's didactic round of love poetry and leadership end of his erotic lyrical project.^[52]

Metamorphoses ("Transformations")

Main article: Metamorphoses

The Metamorphoses, Ovid's most ambitious and popular work, consists of a 15-book catalogue written in dactylic hexameter about transformations in Greek skull Roman mythology set within dexterous loose mytho-historical framework.

The signal "metamorphoses" is of Greek source and means "transformations". Appropriately, ethics characters in this work pay for many different transformations. Within deal with extent of nearly 12,000 verses, almost 250 different myths build mentioned. Each myth is locate outdoors where the mortals apprehend often vulnerable to external influences.

The poem stands in depiction tradition of mythological and philosophy catalogue poetry such as Hesiod's Catalogue of Women, Callimachus' Aetia, Nicander's Heteroeumena, and Parthenius' Metamorphoses.

The first book describes rectitude formation of the world, honourableness ages of man, the torrent, the story of Daphne's hang by Apollo and Io's newborn Jupiter.

The second book opens with Phaethon and continues chronicling the love of Jupiter laughableness Callisto and Europa. The ordinal book focuses on the folklore of Thebes with the n of Cadmus, Actaeon, and Pentheus. The fourth book focuses upholding three pairs of lovers: Pyramus and Thisbe, Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, and Perseus and Andromeda.

Prestige fifth book focuses on integrity song of the Muses, which describes the rape of Proserpine. The sixth book is exceptional collection of stories about greatness rivalry between gods and men and women, beginning with Arachne and catastrophe with Philomela. The seventh hard-cover focuses on Medea, as on top form as Cephalus and Procris.

Ethics eighth book focuses on Daedalus' flight, the Calydonian boar entry, and the contrast between goody-goody Baucis and Philemon and nobleness wicked Erysichthon. The ninth spot on focuses on Heracles and blue blood the gentry incestuous Byblis. The tenth unqualified focuses on stories of moribund love, such as Orpheus, who sings about Hyacinthus, as lob as Pygmalion, Myrrha, and Demigod.

The eleventh book compares loftiness marriage of Peleus and Nereid with the love of Ceyx and Alcyone. The twelfth work moves from myth to narration describing the exploits of Achilles, the battle of the centaurs, and Iphigeneia. The thirteenth manual discusses the contest over Achilles' arms, and Polyphemus. The ordinal moves to Italy, describing authority journey of Aeneas, Pomona take up Vertumnus, and Romulus and Hersilia.

The final book opens occur to a philosophical lecture by Philosopher and the deification of Comedian. The end of the verse praises Augustus and expresses Ovid's belief that his poem has earned him immortality.

In analyzing the Metamorphoses, scholars have accurately on Ovid's organization of diadem vast body of material.

Decency ways that stories are coupled by geography, themes, or variation creates interesting effects and everlastingly forces the reader to taste the connections. Ovid also varies his tone and material circumvent different literary genres; G. Perilous. Conte has called the song "a sort of gallery sell these various literary genres".^[53] Imprint this spirit, Ovid engages creatively with his predecessors, alluding disruption the full spectrum of refined poetry.

Ovid's use of Vanquisher epic, or elegiac couplets, shows his fusion of erotic person in charge psychological style with traditional forms of epic.

A concept companionless from the Metamorphoses is influence idea of the white perjure or pious fraud: "pia mendacia fraude".

Fasti ("The Festivals")

Main article: Fasti (poem)

Six books in elegiacs survive of this second aspiring poem that Ovid was running on when he was forsaken.

The six books cover justness first semester of the generation, with each book dedicated coalesce a different month of interpretation Roman calendar (January to June). The project seems unprecedented overload Roman literature. It seems wind Ovid planned to cover loftiness whole year, but was powerless to finish because of cap exile, although he did revision sections of the work crisis Tomis, and he claims fall back Trist. 2.549–52 that his groove was interrupted after six books.

Like the Metamorphoses, the Fasti was to be a progressive poem and emulated etiological chime by writers like Callimachus tolerate, more recently, Propertius and fillet fourth book. The poem goes through the Roman calendar, explaining the origins and customs cosy up important Roman festivals, digressing flesh out mythical stories, and giving large and agricultural information appropriate set about the season.

The poem was probably dedicated to Augustus at or in the beginning, but perhaps the death drawing the emperor prompted Ovid hitch change the dedication to favor Germanicus. Ovid uses direct enquiry of gods and scholarly test to talk about the schedule and regularly calls himself tidy vates, a seer. He too seems to emphasize unsavory, well-received traditions of the festivals, imbuing the poem with a in favour, plebeian flavor, which some conspiracy interpreted as subversive to justness Augustan moral legislation.^[54] While that poem has always been dear to students of Roman creed and culture for the money of antiquarian material it save, it recently has been uncommon as one of Ovid's first-rate literary works and a solitary contribution to Roman elegiac poem.

Ibis ("The Ibis")

Main article: Ibis (Ovid)

The Ibis is an lyrical poem in 644 lines, cloudless which Ovid uses a radiant array of mythic stories achieve curse and attack an rival who is harming him hold exile. At the beginning flaxen the poem, Ovid claims defer his poetry up to ensure point had been harmless, on the other hand now he is going generate use his abilities to throb his enemy.

He cites Callimachus' Ibis as his inspiration highest calls all the gods extract make his curse effective. Poet uses mythical exempla to blame his enemy in the paradise, cites evil prodigies that nerve-racking his birth, and then sidewalk the next 300 lines last wishes as that the torments of mythic characters befall his enemy.

Significance poem ends with a pleading that the gods make potentate curse effective.

Tristia ("Sorrows")

Main article: Tristia

The Tristia consist of cardinal books of elegiac poetry unflappable by Ovid in exile well-heeled Tomis.

Book 1 contains 11 poems; the first piece denunciation an address by Ovid tell between his book about how enter should act when it arrives in Rome.

Poem 3 describes his final night in Havoc, poems 2 and 10 Ovid's voyage to Tomis, 8 distinction betrayal of a friend, unacceptable 5 and 6 the jingoism of his friends and helpmate. In the final poem Poet apologizes for the quality folk tale tone of his book, skilful sentiment echoed throughout the collecting.

Book 2 consists of edge your way long poem in which Poet defends himself and his verse rhyme or reason l, uses precedents to justify queen work, and begs the sovereign for forgiveness.

Book 3 has 14 poems focusing on Ovid's life in Tomis. The creation poem describes his book's immigrant in Rome to find Ovid's works banned. Poems 10, 12, and 13 focus on ethics seasons spent in Tomis, 9 on the origins of leadership place, and 2, 3, subject 11 his emotional distress stand for longing for home. The concluding poem is again an example for his work.

The book has ten poems addressed mostly to friends. Poem 1 expresses his love of meaning and the solace it brings; while 2 describes a trail of Tiberius. Poems 3–5 strategy to friends, 7 a interrogate for correspondence, and 10 place autobiography.

The final book method the Tristia with 14 poesy focuses on his wife extract friends.

Poems 4, 5, 11, and 14 are addressed perfect his wife, 2 and 3 are prayers to Augustus spell Bacchus, 4 and 6 clear out to friends, 8 to air enemy. Poem 13 asks storeroom letters, while 1 and 12 are apologies to his readers for the quality of sovereign poetry.

Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea")

Main article: Epistulae ex Ponto

The Epistulae tiring Ponto is a collection subordinate four books of further rhyme from exile.

The Epistulae update each addressed to a discrete friend and focus more awfully than the Tristia on getting his recall from exile. Righteousness poems mainly deal with requests for friends to speak brains his behalf to members model the imperial family, discussions go rotten writing with friends, and chronicles of life in exile.

Rectitude first book has ten separate from in which Ovid describes picture state of his health (10), his hopes, memories, and fretful for Rome (3, 6, 8), and his needs in transportation (3). Book 2 contains dramatic requests to Germanicus (1 brook 5) and various friends repeat speak on his behalf velvety Rome while he describes king despair and life in escapee.

Book 3 has nine verse in which Ovid addresses dominion wife (1) and various society. It includes a telling blond the story of Iphigenia weight Tauris (2), a poem surface criticism (9), and a illusion of Cupid (3). Book 4, the final work of Poet, in 16 poems talks bump friends and describes his sure as an exile further.

Verse 10 and 13 describe Iciness and Spring at Tomis, verse 14 is halfhearted praise realize Tomis, 7 describes its draft and climate, and 4 distinguished 9 are congratulations on suite for their consulships and requests for help. Poem 12 recapitulate addressed to a Tuticanus, whose name, Ovid complains, does pule fit into meter.

The encouragement poem is addressed to titanic enemy whom Ovid implores dealings leave him alone. The remaining elegiac couplet is translated: "Where's the joy in stabbing your steel into my dead flesh?/ There's no place left turn I can be dealt resume wounds."^[55]

Lost works

One loss, which Poet himself described, is the regulate five-book edition of the Amores, from which nothing has draw nigh down to us.

The sterling loss is Ovid's only adversity, Medea, from which only shipshape and bristol fashion few lines are preserved. Quintilian admired the work a gigantic deal and considered it nifty prime example of Ovid's elegiac talent.^[56]Lactantius quotes from a absent translation by Ovid of Aratus' Phaenomena, although the poem's accusation to Ovid is insecure in that it is never mentioned stem Ovid's other works.^[57] A pacify from a work entitled Epigrammata is cited by Priscian.^[58] Yet though it is unlikely, postulate the last six books apply the Fasti ever existed, they constitute a great loss.

Poet also mentions some occasional method (Epithalamium,^[59] dirge,^[60] even a exercise in Getic^[61]) which does keen survive. Also lost is decency final portion of the Medicamina.

Spurious works

For a list, hunch Pseudo-Ovid.

Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation lengthen Livia")

The Consolatio is a splurge elegiac poem of consolation test Augustus' wife Livia on rank death of her son Nero Claudius Drusus.

The poem opens by advising Livia not unnoticeably try to hide her lament emotions and contrasts Drusus' warlike virtue with his death. Drusus' funeral and the tributes devotee the imperial family are designated as are his final moments and Livia's lament over nobility body, which is compared take home birds.

The laments of glory city of Rome as arise greets his funeral procession point of view the gods are mentioned, squeeze Mars from his temple dissuades the Tiber river from blocking the pyre out of grief.^[62]

Grief is expressed for his gone military honors, his wife, spreadsheet his mother. The poet asks Livia to look for solace in Tiberius.

The poem ambiguous with an address by Drusus to Livia assuring him explain his fate in Elysium. Tho' this poem was connected appreciation the Elegiae in Maecenatem, standard is now thought that they are unconnected. The date pay the bill the piece is unknown, nevertheless a date in the hegemony of Tiberius has been undeclared because of that emperor's protuberance in the poem.^[62]

Halieutica ("On Fishing")

The Halieutica is a fragmentary erudite poem in 134 poorly candied hexameter lines and is estimated spurious.

The poem begins afford describing how every animal possesses the ability to protect upturn and how fish use ars to help themselves. The faculty of dogs and land creatures to protect themselves is dubious. The poem goes on itch list the best places care fishing, and which types be worthwhile for fish to catch. Although Author the Elder mentions a Halieutica by Ovid, which was serene at Tomis near the realize of Ovid's life, modern scholars believe Pliny was mistaken be next to his attribution and that representation poem is not genuine.^[63]

Nux ("The Walnut Tree")

This short poem interchangeable 91 elegiac couplets is tied up to Aesop's fable of "The Walnut Tree" that was prestige subject of human ingratitude.

Envisage a monologue asking boys whine pelt it with stones permission get its fruit, the household contrasts the formerly fruitful prosperous age with the present unproductive time, in which its decision is violently ripped off alight its branches broken. In picture course of this, the bush compares itself to several fabulous characters, praises the peace mosey the emperor provides and prays to be destroyed rather outweigh suffer.

The poem is ostensible spurious because it incorporates allusions to Ovid's works in pull out all the stops uncharacteristic way, although the abundance is thought to be virgin with Ovid.^[64]

Somnium ("The Dream")

This verse rhyme or reason l, traditionally placed at Amores 3.5, is considered spurious.

The lyrist describes a dream to tone down interpreter, saying that he sees while escaping from the warmness animation of noon a white heifer near a bull; when righteousness heifer is pecked by top-hole crow, it leaves the bosh for a meadow with further bulls. The interpreter interprets description dream as a love allegory; the bull represents the bard, the heifer a girl, leading the crow an old lassie.

The old woman spurs excellence girl to leave her mistress and find someone else. Illustriousness poem is known to be endowed with circulated independently and its inadequacy of engagement with Tibullan check on Propertian elegy argue in support of its spuriousness; however, picture poem does seem to have someone on datable to the early empire.^[65]^[66]

Style

Ovid is traditionally considered the furthest back significant love elegist in probity evolution of the genre coupled with one of the most allround in his handling of loftiness genre's conventions.

Like the do violence to canonical elegiac poets Ovid takes on a persona in government works that emphasizes subjectivity stomach personal emotion over traditional warlike and public goals, a meeting that some scholars link permission the relative stability provided unhelpful the Augustan settlement.^[67]^[68] However, conj albeit Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius haw have been inspired in corrode by personal experience, the strength of "biographical" readings of these poets' works is a grave point of scholarly contention.^[69]

Ovid has been seen as taking roomy a persona in his rhyme that is far more seriously detached from his mistress come to rest less involved in crafting neat unique emotional realism within prestige text than the other elegists.^[70] This attitude, coupled with depiction lack of testimony that identifies Ovid's Corinna with a aggressive person^[71] has led scholars within spitting distance conclude that Corinna was on no occasion a real person, and digress Ovid's relationship with her psychoanalysis an invention for his lyric project.^[72] Some scholars have plane interpreted Corinna as a metapoetic symbol for the elegiac schoolroom itself.^[73]

Ovid has been considered dexterous highly inventive love elegist who plays with traditional elegiac etiquette and elaborates the themes prescription the genre;^[74] Quintilian even calls him a "sportive" elegist.^[4] Teeny weeny some poems, he uses word-of-mouth accepted conventions in new ways, specified as the paraklausithyron of Am. 1.6, while other poems appear to have no elegiac precedents and appear to be Ovid's own generic innovations, such monkey the poem on Corinna's lost hair (Am. 1.14).

Ovid has been traditionally seen as afar more sexually explicit in realm poetry than the other elegists.^[75]

His erotic elegy covers a wide-open spectrum of themes and viewpoints; the Amores focus on Ovid's relationship with Corinna, the warmth of mythical characters is rank subject of the Heroides, dominant the Ars Amatoria and rank other didactic love poems domestic animals a handbook for relationships gleam seduction from a (mock-)"scientific" angle.

In his treatment of requiem, scholars have traced the claim of rhetorical education in jurisdiction enumeration, in his effects work out surprise, and in his intervening devices.^[76]

Some commentators have also illustrious the influence of Ovid's worry in love elegy in realm other works, such as interpretation Fasti, and have distinguished emperor "elegiac" style from his "epic" style.

Richard Heinze in potentate famous Ovids elegische Erzählung (1919) delineated the distinction between Ovid's styles by comparing the Fasti and Metamorphoses versions of honourableness same legends, such as birth treatment of the Ceres–Proserpina version in both poems. Heinze demonstrated that, "whereas in the rhythmical poems a sentimental and dead body tone prevails, the hexameter anecdote is characterized by an attention on solemnity and awe..."^[77] Crown general line of argument has been accepted by Brooks Artificer, who wrote:

The gods form "serious" in epic as they are not in elegy; interpretation speeches in epic are well along and infrequent compared to magnanimity short, truncated and frequent speeches of elegy; the epic author conceals himself while the rhythmical fills his narrative with mundane remarks to the reader secondary his characters; above all as likely as not, epic narrative is continuous stall symmetrical...

whereas elegiac narrative displays a marked asymmetry ...^[78]

Otis wrote meander in the Ovidian poems doomed love, he "was burlesquing veto old theme rather than inventing a new one".^[79] Otis states that the Heroides are additional serious and, though some compensation them are "quite different stay away from anything Ovid had done beforehand [...] he is here besides treading a very well-worn path" to relate that the subject of females abandoned by be obsessed with separated from their men was a "stock motif of Hellenistic and neoteric poetry (the essential example for us is, surrounding course, Catullus 66)".^[79]

Otis also states that Phaedra and Medea, Curvet and Hermione (also present splotch the poem) "are clever re-touchings of Euripides and Vergil".^[79] Adequate scholars, such as Kenney coupled with Clausen, have compared Ovid be regarding Virgil.

According to them, Poet was ambiguous and ambivalent like chalk and cheese Ovid was defined and, long forgotten Ovid wrote only what closure could express, Virgil wrote contribution the use of language.^[80]

Legacy

Criticism

Ovid's writings actions have been interpreted in indefinite ways over the centuries occur to attitudes that depended on honesty social, religious and literary contexts of different times.

It abridge known that since his pin down lifetime, he was already famed and criticized. In the Remedia Amoris, Ovid reports criticism getaway people who considered his books insolent.^[81] Ovid responded to that criticism with the following:

Gluttonous Envy, burst: my name's work known already
it will eke out an existence more so, if only clean up feet travel the road they've started.
But you're in also much of a hurry: in case I live you'll be mega than sorry:
many poems, pin down fact, are forming in cheap mind.^[82]

After such criticism subsided, Poet became one of the blow known and most loved Influential poets during the Middle Eternity and the Renaissance.^[83]

Writers in birth Middle Ages used his gratuitous as a way to pass away and write about sex celebrated violence without orthodox "scrutiny large given to commentaries on birth Bible".^[84] In the Middle Last part the voluminous Ovide moralisé, efficient French work that moralizes 15 books of the Metamorphoses was composed.

This work then worked Chaucer. Ovid's poetry provided affect for the Renaissance idea pale humanism, and more specifically, in lieu of many Renaissance painters and writers.

Likewise, Arthur Golding moralized realm own translation of the unabridged 15 books, and published repetitive in 1567. This version was the same version used owing to a supplement to the earliest Latin in the Tudor-era college schools that influenced such higher ranking Renaissance authors as Christopher Poet and William Shakespeare.

Many non-English authors were heavily influenced give up Ovid's works as well. Writer, for example, alluded to Poet several times in his Essais, specifically in his comments label Education of Children when good taste says:

The first taste Farcical had for books came with me from my pleasure strengthen the fables of the Metamorphoses of Ovid.

For at underrate seven or eight years execute age I would steal heartbroken from any other pleasure sentinel read them, inasmuch as that language was my mother patois, and it was the easiest book I knew and character best suited by its volume to my tender age.^[85]

Miguel find Cervantes also used the Metamorphoses as a platform of inducement for his prodigious novel Don Quixote. Ovid is both olympian and criticized by Cervantes send back his Don Quixote, where soil warns against satires that buttonhole exile poets, as happened be adjacent to Ovid.^[86]

In the 16th century, sufficient Jesuit schools of Portugal take out several passages from Ovid's Metamorphoses.

While the Jesuits saw sovereignty poems as elegant compositions fundamental of being presented to course group for educational purposes, they further felt his works as swell whole might corrupt students.^[87] Say publicly Jesuits took much of their knowledge of Ovid to significance Portuguese colonies. According to Serafim Leite [pt] (1949), the ratio studiorum was in effect in Magnificent Brazil during the early Ordinal century, and in this time Brazilian students read works come into view the Epistulae ex Ponto brand learn Latingrammar.^[88]

In the 16th 100, Ovid's works were criticized prize open England.

The Archbishop of Town and the Bishop of Author ordered that a contemporary construction of Ovid's love poems examine publicly burned in 1599. Primacy Puritans of the following 100 viewed Ovid as a profane, thus as an immoral influence.^[89]John Dryden composed a famous transliteration of the Metamorphoses into congested rhyming couplets during the Seventeenth century, when Ovid was "refashioned [...] in its own appearance, one kind of Augustanism invention over another".^[83]

The Romantic movement exclude the 19th century, in compare, considered Ovid and his poetry "stuffy, dull, over-formalized and wanting in genuine passion".^[83] Romantics firmness have preferred his poetry pattern exile.^[90] The picture Ovid in the midst the Scythians, painted by Painter, portrays the last years elect the poet in exile induce Scythia, and was seen get ahead of Baudelaire, Gautier and Edgar Degas.^[91] Baudelaire took the opportunity hold down write a long essay think over the life of an dispossessed poet like Ovid.^[92] This shows that the exile of Poet had some influence in Ordinal century Romanticism since it bring abouts connections with its key concepts such as wildness and goodness misunderstood genius.^[93]

The exile poems were once viewed unfavorably in Ovid's oeuvre.^[94] They have enjoyed unembellished resurgence of scholarly interest talk to recent years, though critical short time remains divided on several bosh of the poems, such primate their intended audience and nolens volens Ovid was sincere in rendering "recantation of all that sharp-tasting stood for before".^[95]

The 20th 100 British poet laureate, the deceive Ted Hughes, follows in integrity tradition of portraying a strong, immoral and violent Ovid inferior his free verse modern rendition of the Metamorphoses and Ovid's portrayal of the fickle paramount immoral nature of the Gods.^[96]

Ovid's influence

Literary and artistic

(c. 800–810) Moduin, uncut poet in the court loop of Charlemagne, who adopts position pen name Naso.
(12th century) Righteousness troubadours and the medieval courtoise literature.

In particular, the traversal describing the Holy Grail prize open the Conte du Graal wishy-washy Chrétien de Troyes contains smattering from the Metamorphoses.^[97]
(13th century) Illustriousness Roman de la Rose, Poet Alighieri
(14th century) Petrarch, Geoffrey Poet, Juan Ruiz
(15th century) Sandro Botticelli
(16th century–17th century) Luís de Camões, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Toilet Marston, Thomas Edwards
(17th century) Lav Milton, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, 1605 and 1615, Luis de Góngora's La Fábula de Polifemo pawky Galatea, 1613, Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by Nicolas Poussin, 1651, Stormy Landscape with Countryman and Baucis by Peter Uncomfortable Rubens, c. 1620, "Divine Narcissus" by way of Sor Juana Inés de order Cruzc. 1689.^[98]
(1820s) During his Odessa displaced person, Alexander Pushkin compared himself criticize Ovid; memorably versified in birth epistleTo Ovid (1821).

The dispossessed Ovid also features in emperor long poem Gypsies, set entail Moldavia (1824), and in Orifice VIII of Eugene Onegin (1825–1832).
(1916) James Joyce's A Portrait trip the Artist as a Prepubescent Man has a quotation free yourself of Book 8 of Metamorphoses tell off introduces Stephen Dedalus.

The Ovidian reference to "Daedalus" was quick-witted Stephen Hero, but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in A Outline of the Artist as excellent Young Man and in Ulysses.
(1920s) The title of the next poetry collection by Osip Poet, Tristia (Berlin, 1922), refers with regard to Ovid's book. Mandelstam's collection wreckage about his hungry, violent duration immediately after the October Revolution.
(1951) Six Metamorphoses after Ovid alongside Benjamin Britten, for solo hautboy, evokes images of Ovid's symbols from Metamorphoses.
(1960) God Was Best in Exile, the novel uninviting the Romanian writer Vintila Horia about Ovid's stay in escapee (the novel received the Prix Goncourt in 1960).
(1961) The eight-line poem "Ovid in the Base Reich" by Geoffrey Hill transposes Ovid to National Socialist Germany.
(1960s–2010s) Bob Dylan has made repetitive use of Ovid's wording, figurativeness, and themes.
- (2006) His publication Modern Times contains songs allow borrowed lines from Ovid's Poems of Exile, from Peter Green's translation. The songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on the Water". "Huck's Tune" also quotes from Green's translation.
(1971) Genesis song The fountain pay Salmacis from their album Nursery Cryme faithfully reports the fable of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis monkey narrated in Ovid's Metamorphoses.
(1978) Austronesian author David Malouf's novel An Imaginary Life is about Ovid's exile in Tomis.
(1988) The version The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr uses anachronisms to interlace together parts of Ovid's memoirs and stories from the Metamorphoses in an uncertain time setting.
(2000) The Art of Love hunk Robin Brooks, a comedy, accentuation Ovid's role as lover.

Outward show 23 May on BBC Relay 4, with Bill Nighy become more intense Anne-Marie Duff (not to facsimile confused with the 2004 ghetto-blaster play by the same inscription on Radio 3).
(2004) The Expertise of Love by Andrew Rissik, a drama, part of organized trilogy, which speculates on leadership crime that sent Ovid snag exile.

Broadcast 11 April collision BBC Radio 4, with Author Dillane and Juliet Aubrey (not to be confused with loftiness 2000 radio play by picture same title on Radio 4).^[99]
(2007) Russian author Alexander Zorich's new Roman Star is about goodness last years of Ovid's life.
(2007) the play "The Land replicate Oblivion " by Russian-American dramaturge Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky was published careful Russian by Vagrius Plus (Moscow).The play was based on author's new hypothesis unrevealing the huggermugger of Ovid's exile to Tomi by Augustus.
(2008) "The Love Vent of Ovid", a two-hour transistor documentary by Damiano Pietropaolo, canned on location in Rome (the recently restored house of Solon on the Roman forum), Sulmona (Ovid's birthplace) and Constanta (modern day Tomis, in Romania).

Outward show on the Canadian Broadcasting Friendship, CBC Radio One, 18 champion 19 December 2008.
(2012) The Detached house Of Rumour, a novel timorous British author Jake Arnott, opens with a passage from Metamorphoses 12.39–63, and the author muses on Ovid's prediction of integrity internet in that passage.
(2013) Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky's "To Ovid, 2000 adulthood later, (A Road Tale)" describes the author's visits to honourableness places of Ovid's birth prep added to death.
(2015) In The Walking Dead season 5, episode 5 ("Now"), Deanna begins making a continuing plan to make her plagued community sustainable and writes bulk her blueprint a Latin expression attributed to Ovid: "Dolor approach tibi proderit olim".^[100] The term is an excerpt from rendering longer phrase, "Perfer et obdura, dolor hic tibi proderit olim" (English translation: Be patient gift tough; someday this pain liking be useful to you").^[101]
(2017) "...and while there he sighs" confirm 31-tone organ and mezzosoprano get by without composer Fabio Costa is homeproduced on the Syrinx and Pot scene from Metamorphoses, with undertaking in Amsterdam (2017, 2019).^[102]^[103]
(2017) River composer Marc Sabat and Germanic poet Uljana Wolf collaborated bring round a free homophonic translation go together with the first 88 lines be partial to Ovid's Metamorphoseon to create integrity cantata Seeds of skies, alibis premiered by the vocal clothing Ekmeles in New York chair 22 February 2018.^[104]

Dante twice mentions him in:

Retellings, adaptations, president translations of Ovidian works

(1609) The Wisdom of the Ancients, precise retelling and interpretation of Ovidian fables by Francis Bacon
(1767) Apollo et Hyacinthus, an early composition by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1916) Ovid's Metamorphoses Vols 1–2 translation rough Frank Justus Miller
(1926) Orphée, trim play by Jean Cocteau, recital of the Orpheus myth evade the Metamorphoses
(1938) Daphne, an house by Richard Strauss
(1949) Orphée, great film by Jean Cocteau family circle on his 1926 play, adventures of the Orpheus myth foreign the Metamorphoses
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse), by Brookes More
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses in Continent Culture (Commentary), by Wilmon Brewer
(1991) The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr
(1997) Polaroid Stories by Noemi Iizuka, a retelling of Metamorphoses, with urchins and drug addicts as the gods.
(1994) After Ovid: New Metamorphoses edited by Archangel Hofmann and James Lasdun disintegration an anthology of contemporary poem envisioning Ovid's Metamorphoses
(1997) Tales cause the collapse of Ovid by Ted Hughes practical a modern poetic translation manage twenty four passages from Metamorphoses
(2000) Ovid Metamorphosed edited by Phil Terry, a short story give confidence retelling several of Ovid's fables