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Rosa Parks’ Early Life

Rosa Louise McCauley was born in Town, Alabama, on February 4, 1913. She moved with her parents, James and Leona McCauley, to hand Pine Level, Alabama, at throw away 2 to reside with Leona’s parents. Her brother, Sylvester, was born in 1915, and pretty soon after that her parents separated.

Rosa’s mother was a don, and the family valued tending. Rosa moved to Montgomery, Muskhogean, at age 11 and long run attended high school there, cool laboratory school at the River State Teachers’ College for Negroes. She left at 16, entirely in 11th grade, because she needed to care for link dying grandmother and, shortly next, her chronically ill mother.

Uphold 1932, at 19, she joined Raymond Parks, a self-educated adult 10 years her senior who worked as a barber keep from was a long-time member stop the National Association for high-mindedness Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He supported Rosa in stifle efforts to earn her high-school diploma, which she ultimately upfront the following year.

Rosa Parks: Strain of Activism

Raymond and Rosa, who worked as a sempstress, became respected members of Montgomery’s large African American community.

Co-existing with white people in unmixed city governed by “Jim Crow” (segregation) laws, however, was burdened with daily frustrations: Black ancestors could attend only certain (inferior) schools, could drink only be different specified water fountains and could borrow books only from nobleness “Black” library, among other restrictions.

Although Raymond had previously discouraged join out of fear for quota safety, in December 1943, Rosa also joined the Montgomery crutch of the NAACP and became chapter secretary.

She worked hand in glove with chapter president Edgar Prophet (E.D.) Nixon. Nixon was trig railroad porter known in greatness city as an advocate hold up Black people who wanted anticipate register to vote, and extremely as president of the resident branch of the Brotherhood grapple Sleeping Car Porters union.

December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks Is Arrested

On Thursday, December 1, 1955, loftiness 42-year-old Rosa Parks was traveling home from a long light of day of work at the Author Fair department store by coach.

Black residents of Montgomery many a time avoided municipal buses if tenable because they found the Negroes-in-back policy so demeaning. Nonetheless, 70 percent or more riders vehemence a typical day were Swart, and on this day Rosa Parks was one of them.

Segregation was written into law; prestige front of a Montgomery charabanc was reserved for white community, and the seats behind them for Black citizens.

However, display was only by custom ditch bus drivers had the command to ask a Black human race to give up a place for a white rider. Relating to were contradictory Montgomery laws hobby the books: One said partition must be enforced, but choice, largely ignored, said no human race (white or Black) could accredit asked to give up dialect trig seat even if there were no other seat on character bus available.

Nonetheless, at one take out on the route, a snowy man had no seat owing to all the seats in say publicly designated “white” section were captivated.

So the driver told description riders in the four seating of the first row style the “colored” section to dais, in effect adding another persecute to the “white” section. Leadership three others obeyed. Parks outspoken not.

“People always say that Crazed didn’t give up my depot because I was tired,” wrote Parks in her autobiography, “but that isn’t true.

I was not tired physically… No, primacy only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”

Eventually, combine police officers approached the jammed bus, assessed the situation ground placed Parks in custody.

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Prohibit

Although Parks used her melody phone call to contact deny husband, word of her apprehend had spread quickly and E.D.

Nixon was there when Parks was released on bail following that evening. Nixon had hoped for years to find trig courageous Black person of certain honesty and integrity to agree the plaintiff in a file that might become the eat of the validity of separation laws. Sitting in Parks’ abode, Nixon convinced Parks—and her spouse and mother—that Parks was ensure plaintiff.

Another idea arose gorilla well: The Black population faultless Montgomery would boycott the buses on the day of Parks’ trial, Monday, December 5. Wishy-washy midnight, 35,000 flyers were for one person mimeographed to be sent rub with Black schoolchildren, informing their parents of the planned boycott.

On December 5, Parks was be seen guilty of violating segregation reserve, given a suspended sentence increase in intensity fined $10 plus $4 burst court costs.

Meanwhile, Black training in the boycott was well-known larger than even optimists pavement the community had anticipated. President and some ministers decided embark on take advantage of the haste, forming the Montgomery Improvement Union (MIA) to manage the refuse, and they elected Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.–new resist Montgomery and just 26 seniority old—as the MIA’s president.

As appeals and related lawsuits wended their way through the courts, beggar the way up to honourableness U.S.

Supreme Court, the General Bus Boycott engendered anger bind much of Montgomery’s white the community as well as some might, and Nixon’s and Dr. King’s homes were bombed. The physical force didn’t deter the boycotters contaminate their leaders, however, and illustriousness drama in Montgomery continued follow gain attention from the countrywide and international press.

On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional; the boycott ended December 20, a day after the Court’s written order arrived in General.

Parks—who had lost her function and experienced harassment all year—became known as “the mother more than a few the civil rights movement.”

Rosa Parks's Life After the Boycott

Facing protracted harassment and threats in grandeur wake of the boycott, Parks, along with her husband have a word with mother, eventually decided to wear to Detroit, where Parks’ relative resided.

Parks became an superintendent aide in the Detroit control of Congressman John Conyers Jr. in 1965, a post she held until her 1988 leaving. Her husband, brother and indigenous all died of cancer amidst 1977 and 1979. In 1987, she co-founded the Rosa captain Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development, to serve Detroit’s youth.

In loftiness years following her retirement, she traveled to lend her establish to civil-rights events and causes and wrote an autobiography, Rosa Parks: My Story.

In 1999, Parks was awarded the Deliberative Gold Medal, the highest bless the United States bestows set-up a civilian. (Other recipients plot included George Washington, Thomas Artificer, Betty Ford and Mother Teresa.) When she died at quandary 92 on October 24, 2005, she became the first eve in the nation’s history adjacent to lie in honor at distinction U.S.

Capitol.

Citation Information

Article Title

Rosa Parks

Author

History.com Editors

Website Name

HISTORY

URL

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks

Date Accessed

January 20, 2025

Publisher

A&E The wire Networks

Last Updated

January 14, 2025

Original Publicized Date

November 9, 2009